Understanding long-term multimodal mobility demand to inform MaaS service bundling

Abstract

The integration of novel, shared mobility services within existing public transport (Mobility as a Service, MaaS) could offer an alternative to private car ownership and thereby improve travel sustainability. Research on willingness to pay and potential uptake of recurring MaaS packages has commenced with stated-preference experiments yet it remains unclear on a central question: how much to include of which mode? Using longitudinal multimodal revealed-preference data, we construct a MaaS scenario where carstages are substituted with shared modes based on generalized costs. We find that PT season ticket viability for students increases substantially (+13pp.) with PT substituting most previous car stages (~76%). In contrast, car-and bikesharing use, despite their potential to substitute the remaining car stages, remains too infrequent to include as a recurring credit in MaaS packages. This research therefore challenges the idea of all-inclusive mobility flatrates for car-/bikesharing, showing that in this case pay-as-you-go is economically more sensible for consumers.